The facial surface is readily visible and identifiable with a close relationship to the underlying cartilaginous and skeletal structures (Stephan et al., 2005; Wilkinson et al., 2006; De Greef et al., 2006; Al Ali et al., 2014b; Shrimpton et al., 2014). J. Forensic Sci. Nat. 115, 561597. (For the sense of a primitive stone tool, see the separate article, later.) Reported shared influences of medical conditions, normal facial variation with associated genes. Irish Facial Features This element is by far the largest group seen amongst the English but it can be found in England, Sometimes Cherokees have crooked fingers, especially the little fingers. BMC Pregn. Table of Contents Are hazel eyes Irish? Scientists have merged dozens of famous faces to create what they call the most beautiful faces in the world. Schizophrenia working group of the psychiatric genomics consortium, Patterson N, Daly MJ, Price AL, Neale BMLD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Rep. 5:17788. doi: 10.1038/srep17788, Xuan, Z., Zhongpeng, Y., Yanjun, G., Jiaqi, D., Yuchi, Z., Bing, S., et al. These are interesting answers. I am not sure if I can add anything or not, but I think there are a couple of areas that should be addressed. First, For detailed information on the biological basis of individual genes, the reader should refer to the original articles. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005, Pound, N., Lawson, D. W., Toma, A. M., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2014). J. Orthod. WebThey were white-skinned with black hair. 22, 12681271. Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. However, if the facial shell is reflected on to the opposite side any facial asymmetry will be lost. Features related to appearance are also often sexually dimorphic, possibly as a result of sexual and natural selection. Yes. Very different. I thought I was in a foreign country going to Warwick compared to Scots. Us scots have softer faces, wider eyes and foreheads, 44, 270281. PLoS Genet. Taste. Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A., Ovsenik, M., Tawfik, W., Borbely, P., et al. (2018). Do mens faces really signal heritable immunocompetence? The maternal environment is thought to play an important role with regards to orofacial clefts. This is where the Scottish and Irish kilts differ the most, as the tartan in which the kilts are made have very different origins and meanings. 46, 753758. 3. Many of the previously discussed genetic variants associated with facial traits in GWAS reside in non-protein coding regions of the genome with unclear functional relevance. It is therefore important to use causal inference techniques such as epigenetic Mendelian randomization Relton and Davey Smith, 2012) or the Steiger test (Hemani et al., 2017) to orientate the likely directions of effect between phenotypes, epigenetic modifications and gene expression. For example, for our 2019 ethnicity estimates we knew that Scottish people typically got a lot of both Ireland & Scotland and England, Wales & Northwestern Europe in their results often almost a 50/50 split. EX. Epigenetic predictor of age. The analytical techniques (particularly the bootstrapped response-based imputation modeling (BRIM) and hierarchical spectral clustering analysis) employed by Claes et al. What Do Irish People Look Like PLoS Genet. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt104, Cousminer, D. L., Stergiakouli, E., Berry, D. J., Ang, W., Groen-Blokhuis, M. M., Krner, A., et al. 17, e178e180. Natl. J. Orthod. Plast. 47, 12361241. Nat. Surg. Mind the gap: genetic manipulation of basicranial growth within synchondroses modulates calvarial and facial shape in mice through epigenetic interactions. Traditionally yes they were certainly different in appearance - but there has been so much intermingling the differences have become very blurred. J. Craniofac. Asymmetry is preserved in some of these techniques. Copyright 2018 Richmond, Howe, Lewis, Stergiakouli and Zhurov. 12:e1006174. What Are Typical Irish Facial Features Irish Features? Direc. The epithelial precursor periderm is involved in cellular adhesions with associated genes IRF6, IKKA, SFN, RIPK4, CRHL3 all of which are under the transcription control of the transcription factor p63 that influences the fusion process and differentiation of the epidermis (Hammond et al., 2017). Front. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081, Henderson, A. J., Holzleitner, I. J., Talamas, S. N., and Perrett, D. I. Genet. 21, 265269. Dis. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801311-3.00002-0, Reik, W. (2007). Nat. Natl. Clin. Reconstr. Celt (people Facial features Hum. Eur. It originated in the 1500's and is always performed to traditional Irish music. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with mitochondrial DNA methylation. Expanding the cleft phenotype: the dental characteristics of unaffected parents of Australian children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Dent. on the growth of the face, for example, remodeling of the facial skeleton, spatial changes of the constituent parts of the facial skeleton through sutures, condylar and nasal cartilages as well as the soft tissues, neural and vascular networks. Am. Scottish vs irish facial features Fatemifar, G., Hoggart, C. J., Paternoster, L., Kemp, J. P., Prokopenko, I., Horikoshi, M., et al. The athletic heroes were replaced by young Irish men of lean build and medium height. 67, 261268. Frontonasal dysmorphology in bipolar disorder by 3D laser surface imaging and geometric morphometrics: comparisons with schizophrenia. R. Soc. (2017). doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x, Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A. I., Playle, R., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., and Richmond, S. (2012). During the pubertal growth period (918 years) facial images should be captured more frequently and if studying pubertal influences facial images should be captured at least every 6 months. Mol. Genome-wide mapping of global-to-local genetic effects on human facial shape. However, it is important to note that heritability estimates for specific traits can be inconsistent for a number of reasons including heterogeneity across study populations, small sample sizes, research designs, acquisition methods and the differing types of analyses employed. (2016). J. Epidemiol. (2009). Curr. Adv. Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts identify novel associations between FOXE1 and all orofacial clefts, and TP63 and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Its a Rare Mendelian mutations, low frequency segregating variants, copy number variants and common variants contribute to complex phenotypes. doi: 10.1007/s00414-012-0788-1, Khan, M. F. J., Little, J., Mossey, P. A., Steegers-Theunissen, R. P., Autelitano, L., Lombardo, I., et al. Proc. J. Plast. It is important to identify early life exposures (particularly conception to birth) that may influence later life health outcomes. (2018). The craniofacial region is made up of a series of complex structures which contribute to overall facial shape. BMJ Open 5:e009027. Increasing the sample sizes of genetic studies of facial morphology through international collaborations, such as the type II diabetes consortia DIAGRAM (Morris et al., 2012), will help to improve the understanding of genetic associations and shared influences on facial traits (Evans, 2018). Ideally facial images should be captured at birth, 5, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years of age and repeated every 10 years of age to capture facial features. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. Impressions of an individuals health are integral to social interactions and judgments are made on the visual appearance of skin, degree of roundness of the face and facial expression (Henderson et al., 2016). Other possible benefits that have been explored include: the fitness advantages of hair color (Adhikari et al., 2016; Hysi et al., 2018), nasal shape and climate adaptation (Zaidi et al., 2017) and the benefits of darker skin pigmentation (Wilde et al., 2014; Aelion et al., 2016). Epigenomics 10, 2742. Nat. Genet. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181577b1b, Hallgrimsson, B., Mio, W., Marcucio, R. S., and Spritz, R. (2014). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have investigated the association between normal facial variation and millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). (2014a). (2018). In brief: Gaelic in Scottish is pronounced as Gah-Lick whereas it is pronounce as Gai-Lick in Irish. Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. (2018). PLoS Genet. Visualizing and automatic detection of facial phenotypes and determining their prevalence in population groups will facilitate case-control evaluations to determine genetic variants. A., Couper, D., Miller, M. B., et al. What does a (stereo)typical English/Welsh/Scottish/Irish person DNA methylation as a mediator of the association between prenatal adversity and risk factors for metabolic disease in adulthood. So far, all GWAS studies have studied the static face but capturing the face during simple facial actions in a population (dynamic movement with or without speech) will enable the exploration of combined neurological and morphological features by assessing both speed and range of movement. GWAS may be underestimating and twin and family studies overestimating the levels of heritability. J. Anat. Genet. (2013). Eur. The premise of reverse genetics is that there is known function of a gene or a group of genes which will create a particular phenotype with a degree of certainty. The assessment of facial variation in 4747 British school children. Nat. Prince Charlie is more for formal occasions, while the Argyle is less fancy. Nat. Res. Genet. Nat. Non-genomic transgenerational inheritanceof disease risk. WebScotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Ulster Protestants who emigrated from Ulster in northern Ireland to America during the 18th and 19th centuries, whose ancestors had originally migrated to Ireland mainly from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England in the 17th century. Phenotypic abnormalities: terminology and classification. Craniofac. Anthropometric measurements of the facial framework in adulthood: age-related changes in eight age categories in 600 healthy white North Americans of European ancestry from 16 to 90 years of age. Different facial measures have been applied to facial images obtained from a variety of acquisition systems (2D and 3D). Facial surfaces that are captured in supine and prone position often show slight differences (Munn and Stephan, 2018). Mol. (2001). Yes, Irish people do have Arch. Is anyone else able to easily spot an Irish person by facial features Am. Sharman, N. (2011). Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. Surgical procedures are not always simple as often in CL/P patients there is often insufficient tissues available (epidermis/dermis, cartilage and bone with disrupted orientation of muscle fibers). 1),S126S146. Genetic and facial phenotype data can be used to improve understanding of human history. January 21, 2022 scottish vs irish facial featurescan gradescope tell if you screenshot. Z., Segurel, L., Tung, J. Y., and Hinds, D. A. Accents: Northern Irish PLoS Genet. Craniofac. Hum. (1996). Am. Craniofacial Res. The foot, including toes, is longer than the face is high, and the hand, up to fingertips, at least 3/4 of the height of the face. Key transcriptional factors (activators or repressors) have been identified indicating extensive activation during early craniofacial development. Comput. Int. Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A., Playle, R., and Richmond, S. (2008). Indeed, modern day Latin Americans have mixed African, European and Native American ancestry, with genetic admixture highly predictive of physical appearance. Heritability studies have provided insight into the possible genetic and environmental contributions to face shape. (2007). 415, 171187. J. Hum. Dentofacial Orthop. (2017). However they differ in the way these ingredients are used. A. TABLE 2. Breast 16, 137145. A Scottish accent is conscious of their Rs and Gs in ing, compared to the Irish accent, which t must use words softly. (2018). Peter Forsberg (hockey player) (Notice how his eyes are higher up. Received: 06 July 2018; Accepted: 20 September 2018;Published: 16 October 2018. J. Neuroradiol. The implication that the Irish, English, Scottish and Welsh have a great deal in common with each other, at least from the geneticists point of view, seems likely to Anz. Genome-wide association study of primary tooth eruption identifies pleiotropic loci associated with height and craniofacial distances. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-4256. (2013). 3:e002910. LH and AZ wrote the section Environmental Influences. WebIrish Ceili Dancing. Statistical power and significance testing in large-scalegenetic studies. Forensic Sci. PLoS One 12:e0176566. Genet. With increased sample sizes, improved understanding of shared genetic influences on human traits and advancement in techniques there is likely to be significant further progress in the next 6 years. Dev. 1. The generated images were J. Med. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711125114, Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., and Perrett, D. I. 18, 3348. 50, 513508. Scotch-Irish Americans Irish Ceili (pronounced "kay-lee) Dancing is a very traditional dance form. BMJ Open. Surg. A population-based cross-sectional study of the association between facial morphology and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. For example, there is evidence that nose shape has been under historical selection in certain climates (Weiner, 1954; Zaidi et al., 2017). Hum. doi: 10.1179/14653121042885, Popat, H., Richmond, S., Marshall, D., and Rosin, P. L. (2012). Toxicol. Behav. 11, 154158. (2016). There are words each language use for their own, like wee for the Scottish and aye for the Irish. Howe, L. J., Sharp, G. C., Hemani, G., Zuccolo, L., Richmond, S., and Lewis, S. J. However, large-scale population studies are needed to identify more genetic variants not only in the context of facial shape but general body development with particularly attention to puberty. Robinson, M. R., Kleinman, A., Graff, M., Vinkhuyzen, A. Orthodont. Genet. Res. Large-scale in-vivo Caucasian facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction. Int. Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA. Despite the promise of early craniofacial epigenetic studies, there are important caveats worth noting. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009027, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Toma, A. M., Playle, R., Pickles, T., et al. 36, 373380. PLoS Genet. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyy032. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.021, Sidlauskas, M., Salomskiene, L., Andriuskeviciute, I., Sidlauskiene, M., Labanauskas, Z., Vasiliauskas, A., et al. Population cohort studies enables researchers to study the environmental, disease and metabolic risk factors and genetic interactions from pre-birth throughout the lifecourse. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2001.040303.x, Carson, E. A. J. Phys. doi: 10.1038/ng.3570, Pirttiniemi, P. M. (1994). bioRxiv. Sci. (2013). These factors can then affect reproductive behavior and lead to population-level changes in facial variation as certain facial phenotypes are favored. (2018b). Further detail is required on the heritability of facial features with particular attention to inherited pathways of specific facial features in homogenous populations and populations with significant admixture. A number of Scottish people have a wavy texture to their hair. doi: 10.1111/acer.13820, Tanner, J. M., Whitehouse, R. H., and Takaishi, M. (1966a). 36, 506511. Zaidi, A. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.033, Hopman, S. M., Merks, J. H., Suttie, M., Hennekam, R. C., and Hammond, P. (2014). Genet. The PAX3 gene is associated with the distance between the mid-endocanthion point and surface nasion with a mean distance of 17.5 mm with differing axis values up to 6.7 mm (x), 17.7 mm (y), and 18.9 mm (z). Rev. SR and SL wrote the section Heritability. Even with relatively long acquisition times for some photogrammetric, MRI, CT, and CBCT systems, facial landmark reliability of less than 0.5 mm can be achieved (Kau et al., 2005, 2007; Liu et al., 2012). Irish people sure love their tea. Nat. Scottish Multiethnic GWAS reveals polygenic architecture of earlobe attachment. WebThese are the major differences between an Irish and a Scottish accent. (2013). 44, 981990. There are several important reasons for exploring the genetics of normal-range variation in facial morphology. (2016). (2014, 2018) provide efficient and valid analyses and arguably more importantly, visual linkages between genetic variants and global shape. Substantial heritability estimates for facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism (0.500.70 and 0.400.50), respectively (Mitchem et al., 2014), further demonstrate the strong genetic influences on facial phenotypes. (2016). Permutation testing is a valid alternative for more conservative tests such as Bonferroni (Sham and Purcell, 2014). Eur. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Forensic Sci. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 7:10815. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10815, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Aelion, C. M., Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Alemagno, S., Amler, R. W., Arnett, D. K., Balas, A., et al. Hum. Proc. Perception of health from facial cues. Most modern Celts have dark hair and a red beard. bioRxiv, Gibney, E., and Nolan, C. (2010). (2014). A genetic atlas of human admixture history. For example, a masculine face has been hypothesized to be a predictor of immunocompetence (Scott et al., 2013). Do Scots-Irish Americans Have A Certain Look? (lease, landlords Semin. Philos. Eur. 1), R73R81. Most Scottish people have brown hair, 42, 525529. Distinct DNA methylation profiles in subtypes of orofacial cleft. Genet. Bioessays 29, 145154. Biol. Similarly, the naso-labial angle will be associated with nose prominence and DCHS2 is linked to both traits. 2003. 130, 556559. Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. What are Irish people like? (10 common traits Biol. J. Int. Genet. J. Craniofacial Surg. These transcriptional factors may be limited to detail the precise facial shape or can be quickly activated in rapid periods of growth and development. Hu, D., and Helms, J. Couldn't necessarily say what exactly it is but yeah, but not Prenatal alcohol exposure and facial morphology in a UK cohort. most beautiful faces Armstrong, D. A., Green, B. Enhancers have a specific role in the expression of a target gene in different cells, anatomical regions and during different developmental time-points (Visel et al., 2009; Attanasio et al., 2013; Wilderman et al., 2018). Furthermore, craniofacial sub-phenotypes have been observed in nsCL/P cases and their unaffected family members such as orbicularis oris muscle defects and facial shape differences supporting the existence of nsCL/P related sub-phenotypes (Stanier and Moore, 2004; Marazita, 2007; Neiswanger et al., 2007; Menezes and Vieira, 2008; Weinberg et al., 2009; Aspinall et al., 2014). Modifications to chromatin through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation or other processes are known to influence gene expression. 42, 17691782. These were the most native Irish traditional folk dances. Pflugers. louiseber 5 yr. ago. 137(4 Suppl):S56.e1-9; discussion S56-7. This has been proposed as a method to build a profile of facial features from a sample of DNA (Claes et al., 2014) but could also be used to determine previous health history or future health risks (Idemyor, 2014). Previous studies have found strong evidence supporting associations between prenatal smoke exposure (Joubert et al., 2016) and folate supplementation (Richmond R.C. J. Hum. Irish Dance Orthod. Given that their DNA is so close that as of October 2013 it was not yet determined which of Celt or Saxon the House of Oldenburg (Mountbatten) is, A Scottish accent is conscious of their Rs and Gs in ing, compared to the Irish accent, which t must use words softly. A., White, J. D., Mattern, B. C., Liebowitz, C. R., Puts, D. A., Claes, P., et al. Second, when testing causality, epigenetic modifications can vary across the life-course, so it can be difficult to discern the direction of effect between an epigenetic modification and the phenotype. The FaceBase consortium: a comprehensive program to facilitate craniofacial research. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616. Orthodont. et al., 2015) and Mendelian randomization can provide information on the genetic overlap of facial phenotypes with other genetic traits and the possibility to causally assess the association of risk factors with face development (Smith and Ebrahim, 2003). Improved facial outcome assessment using a 3D anthropometric mask. J. Epidemiol. 22, e1e4. car auctions brisbane airport. J. Hum. In addition, there is evidence of pleiotropy, quantitative phenotypes and Mendelian traits all influencing multiple phenotypes suggesting a large number of loci contribute additively to facial variation. There are over 25,000 registered Scottish tartans. (2017). Facial morphogenesis: physical and molecular interactions between the brain and the face. Expression of chick Barx-1 and its differential regulation by FGF-8 and BMP signaling in the maxillary primordia. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.10.019, Cole, J. Dental anomalies as part of the cleft spectrum. In particular, the strong effects that genetic variation can have on facial appearance are highlighted by historical portraits of the European royal family, the Habsburgs (14381740). Lancet Oncol. They just released a fascinating study which aligns many pictures of individuals from every country and created composite images of what the average face would look like. Dev. In cleft lip tissue, limited evidence was found for an association between LINE-1 methylation and maternal exposures but conclusions were limited by modest sample sizes (Khan et al., 2018). Dentofacial Orthop. 15, 335346. 67, 489497. The first wave of genetic studies of craniofacial Mendelian traits were based on linkage or candidate gene studies of genetic loci known to be involved in craniofacial development or genetic syndromes affecting the face. doi: 10.1038/ng.3211, Carels, C., Van Cauwenberghe, N., Savoye, I., Willems, G., Loos, R., Derom, C., et al. Curr. The genome is comprised of 3.2 billion nucleotides wrapped in octomeric units of histones (chromatin). Up for the craic the craic is nothing but mighty with us. It is important to note that the strong association between facial morphology and ancestry means that any correlations may be attributable to fine-scale population substructure. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330120412, Wickstrm, R. (2007). Future work could utilize meditation techniques (Tobi et al., 2018) or Mendelian randomization (Relton and Davey Smith, 2012) to formally investigate the possibility that prenatal exposures influence orofacial cleft risk via epigenetic processes. Effects of nicotine during pregnancy: human and experimental evidence. Facial Plast. J. Ther. Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. Richmond, S., Wilson-Nagrani, C., Zhurov, A. I., Farnell, D., Galloway, J., Mohd Ali, A. S., Pirttiniemi, P., Katic, V. (2018). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501, Howe, L. J., Richardson, T. G., Arathimos, R., Alvizi, L., Passos-Bueno, M.-R., Stanier, P., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004724, Hallgrimsson, B., Percival, C. J., Green, R., Young, N. M., Mio, W., and Marcucio, R. (2015). Ecol. However, there is a limited amount of evidence that epigenetic inheritance may carry over multiple generations (Schmidt and Kornfeld, 2016; Gluckman et al., 2007). Dev. Genet. Prevention may be challenging (other than continually improving environmental conditions and reducing exposure to potential epigenetic factors) as facial development occurs very early in gestation during a period whereby the mother is often unaware she is pregnant. Cherokee Richmond, R. C., Sharp, G. C., Herbert, G., Atkinson, C., Taylor, C., Bhattacharya, S., et al. Biol. (2003). Investigating the shared genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip/palate and facial morphology. (2014). Web0:00 / 13:49 Irish & Scottish Culture Differences (With Diane Jennings) WeeScottishLass 81.2K subscribers Subscribe 4.1K 93K views 3 years ago Today a Wee Scottish Lass & B., and Prahl-Andersen, B. Nature 414, 909912. Eur. Focusing on specific phenotypes and genetic variants in families will identify additional rare variants should be followed-up with a combination of genotyping and deep re-sequencing of the variants or genes of interest in large numbers of cases and controls. 10, 8287. Combined face-brain morphology and associated neurocognitive correlates in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. This association suggests that developmental processes relating to normal-variation in philtrum development are also etiologically relevant to nsCL/P, highlighting the shared genetic influences on normal-range facial variation and a cranio-facial anomaly (Howe et al., 2018a). J. Environ. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20117, Shrimpton, S., Daniels, K., de Greef, S., Tilotta, F., Willems, G., Vandermeulen, D., et al. The Scottish Accent Pharmacol. Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that self-perceived and genetically inferred ancestry are associated with facial morphology, particularly with regards to the shape of the nose (Dawei et al., 1997; Le et al., 2002; Farkas et al., 2005; Claes et al., 2014). Int. The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. 10:e1004572. Surg. Genomewide association study of african children identifies association of SCHIP1 and PDE8A with facial size and shape. Polygenic risk scores, LD score regression (to reduce confounding biases Bulik-Sullivan B.K. Proc. (2017). Do Irish people have hooded eyelids? The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. Irish doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162250, Evans, D. M. (2018). One possibility is that these variants may influence facial phenotypes through gene regulation pathways involving epigenetic processes. Aust. Human facial shape and size heritability and genetic correlations. WebThe website faceresearch.org allows you to participate in short online psychology experiments looking at the traits people find attractive in faces and voices. Rev. (2010). 115, 5173. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00190, Freund, M. K., Burch, K., Shi, H., Mancuso, N., Kichaev, G., Garske, K. M., et al. Aesthet Surg. Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965. J. Orthod.
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